A: Split images with formulas into smaller images to keep the text out of the image, and insert AltText to explain what is behind the formula
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Population Variance
Sample Variace
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Formula for population variance: σ² = (Σ(xᵢ - μ)²) / N. The formula shows the population variance, σ², calculated as the sum of the squared differences between each data point, xᵢ, and the population mean, μ, divided by the total number of data points, N.
Formula for sample variance: s² = (Σ(xᵢ - x̄)²) / (n - 1). The formula shows the sample variance, s², calculated as the sum of the squared differences between each data point, xᵢ, and the sample mean, x̄, divided by the total number of data points minus one, n - 1, also known as Bessel's correction.